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Alleged victims of McCarthyism Persons who were alleged to have been victims of McCarthyism were either denied employment in the private sector or failed government security checks. In the film industry alone, over 300 actors, writers and directors were denied work in the U.S. through the informal Hollywood blacklist. Some of those alleged to have been blacklisted were: People called by the House Un-American Activities Committee David Bohm, physicist Charlie Chaplin, actor John Garfield, actor Lillian Hellman, playwright and left-wing activist John Hubley, animator Arthur Miller, playwright and essayist J. Robert Oppenheimer, physicist, "father of the atomic bomb" Paul Robeson, actor, athlete, singer, writer, political and civil rights activist, and winner of Stalin Peace Prize Waldo Salt, writer, government employee & CPUSA member. People called by the Senate Permanent Investigations Subcommittee Arthur Miller, playwright and essayist Others Aaron Copland, composer of modern tonal music Dashiell Hammett, author Alfred Kinsey, founder of the Institute for Sex Research, author of Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female David Smith, theologian Paul Sweezy, economist and founder-editor of Monthly Review Tsien Hsue-shen, physicist Reactions McCarthy's influence faltered in 1954. On March 9, 1954, famed CBS newsman Edward R. Murrow aired a highly critical "Report on Joseph R. McCarthy" that used footage of McCarthy himself to portray him as dishonest in his speeches and abusive toward witnesses. In April of the same year the Army-McCarthy Hearings began and were televised live on the new American Broadcasting Company. This allowed the public and press to view first-hand McCarthy's interrogation of individuals and his controversial tactics. In one exchange, McCarthy reminded the Army's attorney general, Joseph Welch that he had an employee in his law firm who had belonged to an organization that had been accused of Communist sympathies. Welch famously rebuked McCarthy: "Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?" This exchange reflected a growing negative public opinion of McCarthy. The criticisms of McCarthyism and McCarthy in particular were three-fold: That he was ruining the reputations and lives of many people by accusing them without credible evidence. That he used accusations of Communist sympathies as a counter attack against anyone who criticized his methods. That he argued against freedom of speech; much of his rhetoric assumed that any discussion of the ideas of Communism was a dangerous and un-American thing. Continuing controversy The release of the VENONA transcripts and material from Eastern bloc intelligence archives after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, added more material for the discussion of what had been going on during the 1950s. The Soviet records show that the general contention that Communist spies had infiltrated the federal government was true. The American Communist Party (CPUSA) had senior members in the pay of the Soviet Union. Communist spies included Julius Rosenberg and Theodore Hall, who gave nuclear secrets to the Soviets, and Harry Dexter White, who was the founding head of the International Monetary Fund. Other data have shown that Western anti-communists grossly overestimated the actual capacity of the Soviets to do harm through military and economic means—long believing, for example, that Soviet nuclear missile technology was vastly superior to that of the U.S., and also grossly overestimating other measures of Soviet strength such as annual GNP. Many Americans responded to the cruder manifestations of the Red Scare by dismissing all claims by anti-communists concerning presumed communist infiltration in the United States. Though many of the more outré accusations of the McCarthy period—such as the claim that President Dwight D. Eisenhower was a communist—now seem laughable, the debate over the Red Scare remains a significant theme in the culture wars between left-liberal and conservative factions in American politics. The guilt, innocence, and good or bad intentions of the icons of the Red Scare (McCarthy, the Rosenbergs, Alger Hiss, Whittaker Chambers, Elia Kazan) are still discussed as proxies for the imputed virtues or vices of their successors and sympathizers. See historical revisionism. Though the interpretation of the Red Scare might seem to be of only historical interest following the end of the Cold War, the political divisions it created in the United States continue to manifest themselves, and the politics and history of anti-communism in the United States are still contentious. One source of controversy is that illegal actions taken against the radical left during the Palmer and McCarthy periods are viewed as providing a historical template for similar actions against Muslims following the September 11th terrorist attacks, an analogy made explicit both by left-wing opponents of such actions (such as the American Civil Liberties Union) and right-wing proponents (such as Ann Coulter). Critiques From the viewpoint of some conservatives and McCarthy supporters at the time, the identification of foreign agents and the suppression of "radical organizations" was necessary. Senator McCarthy and his followers felt there was a dangerous subversive element that posed a danger to the security of the country, thereby justifying extreme measures—the embodiment of realpolitik. The Arthur Miller play The Crucible, written during the McCarthy era, used the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for the McCarthyism of the 1950s, suggesting that the process of McCarthyism-style persecution can occur at any time or place. For example, those accused in McCarthy or HUAC hearings had little chance of exonerating themselves once their identities were revealed to the public. Simply being accused of Communist sympathies was sufficient to damage or end many careers. Similarly, those accused in The Crucible could not even argue their innocence; doing so would be undermining the court, a heresy during those strict theocratic times. Ann Coulter wrote extensively in her book Treason about Senator McCarthy, and offered a defense for many of his activities and those of HUAC. (סוף ציטוט מתוף "ויקופדיה" באנגלית, ערך "מקרתיזם" - ניתן לגשת למקור באתר באנגלית -נוח יותר לקריאה)
