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Vaccines Licensing Process
“Phase I and II clinical trials enroll less than 1,000 participants and are designed to draw conclusions about the vaccine’s components, dosing effectiveness and the need for booster doses, and route of administration and to evaluate common reactions.”
“Sample sizes for Phase III trials are determined to evaluate a vaccine’s efficacy, and therefore, such trials have larger sample sizes (up to 100,000 participants in some rare cases) than Phase I or II trials for vaccines or other premarketing trials for therapeutic drugs. Because Phase III trials are primarily powered for determination of efficacy (Hudgens et al., 2004), conclusions about vaccine safety derived from these trials are limited and may best extrapolate to common adverse events (Chen and Orenstein, 1996; Chen et al., 2005).”
“Manufacturers may be asked to undergo Phase IV studies, which include a larger population and are used to assess less common adverse events or the length of time for which the vaccine induces immunity (Baylor and Midthun, 2004).”
IOM, The Childhood Immunization Schedule and
Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies, Jan 17, 2013